neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in stage I or II EC. 2000 to 2009, 195 patients in 30 centers were randomly assigned to surgery alone (group S; n  97) or NCRT followed by surgery (group CRT; n  98). CRT protocol was 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks with two courses of concomitant chemotherapy composed of ?uorouracil 800 mg/m 2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 . follow-up of 93.6 months. OS Results Pretreatment disease was stage I in 19.0%, IIA in 53.3%, and IIB in 27.7% of patients. For group CRT compared with group S, R0 resection rate was 93.8% versus 92.1% (P  .749), with 3-year overall survival rate of 47.5% versus 53.0% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.40; P  .94) and postoperative mortality rate of 11.1% versus 3.4% (P  .049), respectively. Because interim analysis of the primary end point revealed an improbability of demonstrating the superiority of either treatment arm (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.59; P  .66), the trial was stopped for anticipated futility. Conclusion Compared with surgery alone, NCRT with cisplatin plus ?uorouracil does not improve R0 resection rate or survival but enhances postoperative mortality in patients with stage I or II EC.